TYPES OF MINES
Currently there are 2 types of mines that are very famous in the world, namely:
1. Underground Mine ( Under Ground Mine )
For example such as in Freeport, underground mines in China, etc.
2. Open Pit Mine
For example such as in Sangata ( KPC) , Nusa Tenggara ( Newmont) , Berau ( Berau Coal) , etc.
MINE TYPE SELECTION
Some important points to note to determine the type of mine to be selected are as follows:
- Stripping Ratio ( SR ) / Economical peel ratio at the time. The definition of stripping ratio is: Comparison of the amount of land peeled coal cover in solid cubic meters (see BCM) that must be disposed of to produce 1 ton of coal. It can also be called the peel ratio (with coal) in open-pit coal mines.
- Technology
- Environment and Amdal
- Expertise
- Capital availability
- Etc
MINING METHODS
- Direct digging / ripping
- Direct dozing
- Drilling and Blasting
- Truck and Shovel
- Dragline System
- Conveying
- Etc.
MINING METHOD SELECTION FACTORS
In terms of determining the method of mining to be used when it will start, then the points below are important to note:
- Deposit Characteristics : Slope, size and spread, geological structure (fracture/joint, fault and multiplier)
- Material Characteristics
- Topography Considerations
- Geotechnical & Hydrological Considerations
- Economic Considerations
- Environmental Considerations
- Tool availability
- Production Rate
- Expected ore/Coal quality
- Exhaust distance from PIT to Waste Dump / Crusher
STAGES OF MINE DESIGN AND PLANNING
- Data Validation (Geology, Topography, Data Count)
- Geological Models à (Geological Resources, Reserve Form, Quality etc.)
- Cut of Grade/Optimum Pit Limit
- Determination of mining methods
- Mine Layout Creation & Design
- Backup Block Calculation
- Production Schedule Creation
- Selection tool and type of tool "Suitable"
- Mine Sequence Determination
- Determination of Drainage System
- Environmental Analysis and Rehabilitation Plan
GEOLOGICAL DATA AND MODELS
I. Geological Data
- Field Topography
- Drill Data
- Geology Structure
II. Geological Model
- Section
- Map structure, Thickness And Quality (2 Dimensions)
- Quality Model (3 Dimensions)
III. Geotechnical Data
- Rock Density (Wet And Dry)
- Deep Sliding Angle
- Cohesion
- Geological Layer Structure (Ex: Joint)
GEOLOGICAL DATA AND MODELS
IV. Slope Stability
Optimization:
- High Bench
- Slope : Overall Slope and Individual Slope
- Safety Factor
- Geotechnical data
V. Hydrology & Geohydrology Models
- Rainfall (Surface water)
- Rock Permeability
- Catchment Area
- Ground water
MINING BOUNDARY DETERMINATION
- Optimum stripping ratio
- Mine boundary
- Waste dump limits
- Other boundaries: rivers, roads, etc.
Examples of S/R limits in some PAMA job sites:
Indominco 7.8 bcm Soil : 1 ton of Coal
Adaro 2.8 bcm Soil : 1 ton Of Coal
Petangis 6.5 bcm Soil : 1 ton Coal
KPC 6.7 bcm Soil : 1 ton of Coal
IMPORTANT NOTE : MINE SUPERVISORS SHOULD PAY ATTENTION TO THE PLANNED S/R LIMITS AS IT WILL AFFECT THE LEVEL OF PROFIT OF THE MINE'S OPERATIONS.
SELECTION OF MINING TOOLS & METHODS
I. Tool selection parameters:
- Soil conditions and assistance
- Production targets
- Material characteristics
- Thickness and slope of coal / ore
- Carrying distance
- Topography
- Cuaca
II. Parameter metode penambangan :
- Dimensi lokasi kerja
- Urutan penambangan ( Mine sequencing )
- Rencana produksi ( Production scheduling )
- Lebar jalan / Ramp
- Grade jalan
- Lokasi awal penambangan
- Management disposal ( In and Out Pit dumping system )
LAYOUT & DESIGN TAMBANG
- Desain pit
- Desain ramp
- Desain disposal
- Desain jalan
- Drainase
- Dll
PERENCANAAN TAMBANG
1.Produksi :
- Target produksi
- Produktivitas
- Jumlah alat
2.Jam Kerja :
- Kalender kerja
- Shift kerja
- Total jam kerja setahun
DRAINASE TAMBANG
- Drainase bench dan sump
- Pemilihan pompa
- Pengolahan aliran air
- Pembuangan lumpur
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN DAN REHABILITASI
- Top soil stockpiling
- Rencana rehabilitasi
- Penanganan air limbah
SURFACE MODEL INTERPRETATION FROM DRILL HOLE DATA
STRUCTURE CONTOUR & SECTION FROM GEOLOGICAL MODEL
ASH ISOPACH FROM GEOLOGICAL MODEL
MINING SEQUENCE AND CUTTING PLAN SCHEDULE
Source : Basic Training Handout of Operations Supervisor PT. Pama
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