Coal Formation
Coal is a flammable organic mineral, formed from the remains of ancient plants that settled which subsequently changed shape due to physical and chemical processes that lasted for millions of years. Therefore, coal belongs to the category of fossil fuels. The process that converts plants into coal is called coalification.
The factor of ancient plants of different types according to the geological age and the location of the place of growth and development, coupled with the location of plant deposition, the influence of rock pressure and geothermal and geological changes that take place later, will cause the formation of various kinds of coal. Therefore, the characteristics of coal vary according to the coal field and its layer (coal seam).
Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period –known as the first coal age–which lasted between 360 million and 290 million years ago. The quality of each coal deposit is determined by temperature and pressure as well as the length of time it is forming, which is referred to as 'organic maturity'. Initially, plant deposits turned into peat, which then turned into lignite or brown coal. Young coal is coal with a low organic maturity type.
After being affected by continuous temperature and pressure for millions of years, young coal will undergo changes that gradually increase its organic maturity and convert young coal into sub-bituminus (sub-bituminous) coal. Chemical and physical changes continue until coal becomes harder and the color is blacker, forming bituminus (bituminous) or anthracite. Under the right conditions, the increase in organic maturity continues to form anthracrate. In the process of coal-burning, organic maturity actually represents a change in the concentration of every major element of coal forming.
High quality coal will generally get louder and compact, and the color will get blacker shiny. In addition, the humidity will also be reduced while the carbon content will increase, so that the energy content is also greater.
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